ࡱ> ^`]` Tjbjb 0dddN.......hhhh t,|~~~~~~,R !.|..|||..||BtJ....|||..| nfh||0|!|!||.dSTELLAR BOTANICUS RICHARD R. THOMAS TOLARNO GALLERIES, MELBOURNE October 14 - November 4 1995 1. Brachycomb Multifida Excerpts from an interview with Ian Shimmens of Bushland Flora, Mt Evelyn, Victoria, 25 August 1995 RICHARD R THOMAS: These flowers,Brachycomb Multifida, theyd be prevalent right through south eastern Australia? IAN SHIMMENS: Usually, but not this particular white one, because whites a form or a sport of the species. RRT: Whats a sport? A sub-species or something? IS: No, a sport is a malfunction or a mutation of the normal blue one. Blue or mauve is its normal colour in the wild everywhere and someones found one thats turned white and vegetatively propagated it. RRT: So you wouldn't find this naturally occurring except as a freak? IS: Thats right, blues the natural colour, but now theyre finding pinks and yellows and all sorts of things as well. RRT: And this would have been found in the Yarra Valley? Do you think it would have been found in the Fitzroy area prior to European settlement? IS: Quite possibly. You find it in areas like Eltham, Waverley. Ive seen it mostly on hills, slightly drier well drained areas. Fitroys getting more into Lava, isn't it? Its flat basalt, youd be more likely to find the other one Ive got there, the Brachycomb Basaltica. But you might have found the Multifida up there on Studley Park, along the slopes. RRT: And youre trying to encourage people to use plants that are suited to the specific area? Do you find people are sympathetic to that idea, or are they sticking to your more traditional, exotic plants? IS: I think, really, traditional garden plants are probably going to remain the main preference, their roots seem to be tied to them. (laughs) RRT: Their cultural roots? IS: I dont know. To be realistic, the fact is that with overseas plants youve got thousands to choose from which are fantastic in colour and variety, compared to the natives which are less spectacular. Less spectacular in their eyes, because I think natives are spectacular. RRT: People are programmed in what plants they think are beautiful? IS: I think its a conditioning. We want things to be big and bright. I don't think people can hold their interest on small, fragile, less significant things - which can be just as interesting if you spend the time looking. It takes a bit more sensitivity. RRT: Are there special tricks involved? Do native plants they to be more fussy? IS: Some are. Youve got your more hardy ones that grow all over Australia, but a lot have a very specific climate requirement and that can make it difficult. You might find a group of plants in one area, and just over the hill an entirely different group. And its only in tiny little pockets that they vary. Its quite amazing how you get specific variations to certain sites. RRT: So theyre site specific, sensitized to specific inputs of temperature, moisture and soil type, adapted to a particular, umm... context? IS: Microclimate. 2. The Photo-Elecrtic Effect Excerpts from an interview with Ray Prowse, Executive Officer, Solar Energy Industries Association of Australia Inc., 29 August, 1995 RRT: How does photovoltaic energy work? RAY PROWSE: A solar cell works by having two layers of doped silicon, one with phosphorus and one with boron. An electric field is then created between these two layers. When sunlight falls on the silicon, it produces free electrons which move under the influence of that electric field. Those free electrons moving then constitute an electric current provided there's some sort of external wire through which they can flow. RRT: Sounds pretty simple. RP: Silicon is one of the most abundant elements on the surface of the earth, and very cheap, but unfortunately the cost of turning it from beach sand into a solar cell is quite expensive. At present solar electricity costs $10 per watt, but that will come down dramatically with increased market size. For instance there is this new 100 kw grid connected system, a combined project between Citipower and Butler Solar. Through larger economies of scale theyll be able to buy at significantly less than that - maybe half that. More importantly, due to research and development taking place around the world and significantly for us, at the University of NSW, where they are working on a multi-layered thin film technique, well have solar for about $2 a watt. RRT: What kind of resistance is there to solar generated electricity? RP: Basically economic resistance. Quite frankly Australia has just about the cheapest electricity in the world, and such vast reserves of fossil fuel that there is virtually no incentive to change. And, Australia is such a vast country, any environmental impact from combustion of fossil fuel is totally masked by its sheer size and relatively small population. If we had the same population as, say, Japan, thered be a lot more said about the way we generate electricity. RRT: Yes, we have the luxury of space. But releasing CO2 is a global issue. RP: Thats right. Look, I firmly believe that if the majority of Australias population lived downwind of a major generating plant wed hear a bit more about it. But most of the generating goes on on the east coast, and it just blows out into the Pacific Ocean with the prevailing winds. Maybe somewhere out there in the Pacific islands or South America they are receiving some of the pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels in Australia. RRT: But if its not in our backyard, its not our worry, eh? You talk about our massive fossil fuel resource, but surely weve got an enormous solar resource as well. RP: This map shows global levels of solar radiation. you can see north-central Australia is as high as it gets anywhere. The unfortunate thing about it is that as the temperature goes up the photovoltaic energy goes down. What you really want is clear skies and cool temperatures. RRT: So what part of the suns energy is converted by photovoltaic cells? Its obviously not the heat energy. RP: The wavelength used is spread through the spectrum, but a specific amount of energy is needed to release electrons. Any more or less and the energy cannot be converted by the cells. Fortunately they are still able to produce electricity on colder days, so long as the light is sufficient. RRT: So does this mean that (a small amount of) energy could be collected from the moon, which reflects the suns light, or the stars, which of course are also suns? RP: Well...yes... but its at such low intensity by the time it reaches us. But it is the same light, yes. RRT: Is there any relationship between the photovoltaic process and that of photosynthesis? RP: Well, they both play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Photosynthesis plays a vital role in sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. There are two solutions to global warming - either taking carbon out of the atmosphere, or reducing the amount of carbon being put in. So a combination of photosynthesis and photovoltaics would work well (at either end of the cycle). RRT: So, more trees and more solar panels...nature and technology taking care of business... RP: So long as the trees aren't shading the panels! Flowers and Photosynthesis Excerpts from an Interview with Dr Roger Spencer and Mr Ian Clark of the Plant Identification Services of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.4 September 1995 RICHARD R THOMAS: Could you explain to me what photosynthesis is? IAN CLARK: Heres a description here in Noxious Weeds: Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants combine carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere with water in the presence of chlorophyll to produce plant tissues. Methodologists have discovered that not all plants use the same pathway to achieve this result.....the end products of photosynthesis are starch and sugar. The formula here says: 6 CO2 + 6 H20 in the presence of light and chlorophyll = 1 Sugar + 6 Oxygens. DR ROGER SPENCER: The complications of the sunlight hitting the chlorophyll and what chemical reactions actually happen within the cells at that point involve quite complex chemistry. RRT: And plants have evolved this metabolism over millions, or billions of years to use the energy carried by light, to make sugars and starches. What happens next? RS: I think there are proteins as well. Ian, are there any proteins involved? IC: It's basically sugar and starch. Im not sure. RRT: Come on, you guys are supposed to be experts. IC:(laughs) No, this is not our field, were in plant identification. RRT: Im in the wrong department! RS: Sugar and starch are the building blocks for cellulose. RRT: And oxygen is the waste product of plant respiration, which is the raw material for animal respiration? RS: Yes. Itd be worth knowing more about the origin of the earths atmosphere. Initially there would have been a primitive, hostile atmosphere unsuited to the support of life, gradually being transformed into one that was through the emergence of plant life and the production of oxygen. Thats a very simplified version! Theres all sorts of stories about people sleeping better or worse with three or four plants in the room, but I don't know if any of this has been substantiated. There are different processes at night though. Ian, isn't CO2 produced in greater quantities than oxygen at night? IC: Respiration goes on all the time, but the gas exchange varies. Much more oxygen is produced during the day when photosynthesis is occurring. RS: Debenham might have something (pulls out book). Yes, youve got all these different processes. The Hill Reaction, the Blackman, or Dark Reaction. It gets very complicated. Do you like the music? RRT: Yes, Very soothing. Goes well with plants. I always think Classical music goes well in greenhouses, conservatories. Greens supposed to be a very calming colour, too, though I suppose you guys get sick of it......Do you know if plants utilise starlight or moonlight for photosynthesis? RS: Its quite probable. Plants do respond to whats known as day-length. Sometimes you can prompt a plant to flower by increasing day-length. This is a phenomena which shows that plants respond to light (with mechanisms) apart from photosynthesis. RRT: This might be a good time to ask you about flowers. Why are flowers so abundant, so visually excessive?... Whats the purpose of flowers? RS: They are there to attract pollinators. There are different theories about the different colours, for instance red is meant to attract birds and butterflies, yellow flowers are pollinated by insects, while white is meant to attract pollinators who are colour blind like beetles and bats. White flowers tend to be very fragrant. I was just looking at a magnolia this morning which has a very nice smell. Now Magnolias probably evolved at the same time as beetles, and don't have much colour. There are a lot of these flowers which have retained their early primitive character. Radiation and Gravitation Excerpts from an interview with Perry Vlahos, Director of the Current Phenomena Section and Vice President of the Astronomical Society of Victoria, 8 September 1995 RICHARD R THOMAS: I want to ask you mostly about the orientation of bodies in space. Im preparing an exhibition in which a garden of small white flowers will be planted. The position of each plant will correspond to the position of the stars in the sky opposite Melbourne at the time of the exhibition. PERRY VLAHOS: Why are you doing this? RRT: I suppose Im trying to evolve a kind of cosmology, where a particular microcosm is related to the macrocosm: a sense of local space equated with infinite space. Part of a local ecology - the flowers, which are native to Melbourne - leads into general questions about the relativity of gravity, and the interrelationships of different processes associated with light, growth, earth and the sun. PV: Ok, so what did you want to know? RRT: If Im standing here in Melbourne, and were to run a line through my body, through the centre of the earth and out the other side, what would the point where that line touches the celestial sphere in the opposite hemisphere be called? PV: The point directly above your head is the zenith . Its this point here(points to centre of map). Theres the Pole Star there, about 38 degrees above the horizon. Do you know where this (map is accurate to)? RRT: Exactly opposite Melbourne; it ends up being out in the North Atlantic somewhere. PV: Yes, south of Greenland. RRT: The latitude is the same latitude north of the equator as we are south. You get the longitude by subtracting 180 degrees from the longitude of Melbourne, right? PV: Yes, that seems to be right. RRT: Now I just want to ask you some stuff about gravity. Am I right in saying that gravity is a relative phenomena? PV: Well the larger body attracts the smaller body, and the sun is a much larger body than the earth, and the earth is much larger than the moon...its related to mass. RRT: And the earth is much larger than our human bodies, which pulls us towards it. But what Im interested in is these two apparent forces: A plant seems to be simultaneously aligned to the pull of the earth and that of the sun, in that it is reaching, on a macro level, towards these two massive bodies at the same time. It is rooted in the earth and yet its leaves are reaching to the sun enabling it to perform photosynthesis, forming a kind of axis. PV: Well theyre not moving in relationship to the suns gravity, theyre moving to a position where they can achieve the maximum amount of sunlight. RRT: So light has no relationship to gravity? PV: No, not necessarily. Except where you get phenomena such as black holes, which are stars which have collapsed. There are two forces at work in a star: gravitation, which attracts, and radiation which is pushing outward. Normally you get a state of equilibrium where the two forces are balancing each other out. A sun wont fall prey to its own gravity until it runs out of gasses to burn, producing radiation. When the gas runs out, it implodes, and in very massive stars you get this weird situation where it implodes under the force of its own gravity which is so strong that not even light waves can escape. Theres no radiation at all. RRT: So there are these two forces, one emanating and one absorbing, which under normal circumstances balance each other out? PV: Yes. Our suns probably got another 5 billion years of fuel left. RRT: Are we being influenced by any other gravity or radiation apart from that of the earth and sun? PV: Well, all the stars in our galaxy, including our sun, are revolving around the centre of the Milky Way, where the greater mass of stars are, about every 250 million years. All the galaxies appear to be then exerting some form of gravity on each other. RRT: So there are realms within realms, although the effect of the larger reality may not be perceivable inside the smaller one. PV: Well in a way, but there appears to be a limit because every galaxy appears to be moving away from every other galaxy. To be more accurate, the space between them is increasing. The question is whether there s enough mass in the universe to be able to hold this expansion and be able to pull everything back in with enough gravity. This is the big question in cosmology, whether there is enough mass to eventually lead to a big crunch which would be the opposite of the big bang. RRT: Its all so abstract - these are invisible realities. How can we be sure of all this? PV: You can only define knowledge according to the available evidence. The Ancient Greeks for example had a pretty good idea the earth was round because they saw the shadow of the earth projected onto the moon during eclipses. There is this collective intelligence which accrues - as Galileo said if Ive been able to see further into space its because Ive been able to stand on the shoulders of giants. Now were able to see even further, with telescopes like the one in Hawaii with 10 m lenses. RRT: And these instruments, or machines for seeing, are allowing the extension of consciousness itself further and further into space. PV: Sure, its just like in 2001 where the apes are able to take control by using these bones as weapons... RRT: The bones are actually tools which allow the extension of their bodies in space, which increases their power in space... PV: Thats right, and man is doing the same thing by harnessing all these new technological toys which help define the universe and mans place within it. RRT: Which is what a map does, too. Do you know the history of the generally accepted map of the stars? PV: Ive just read a very interesting article in Sky and Telescope magazine where theres a new theory being postulated about the origins of the twelve zodiacal constellations. Early man needed to be able to mark four points in the sky where the sun was, at particular times in able to be able to know when a particular season was beginning through the 360 degrees of the earths orbit. The theory from this chap is that early agriculturalists imagined pictures formed by certain configurations to aid crop cycles. Initially there would have been only four constellations, but movements in the pitching angle of the earth as it spins and wobbles (over a 26,000 year cycle) results in changes of the positions of the stars, noticeable about every 2000 years, which would have necessitated four new constellations. Therefore the Constellations of the zodiac are probably about 6000 years old. RRT: So it was actually an earth bound activity, the cultivation of the soil, which neccesitated an evolving understanding of cosmic geometry and these quite complex relationships of bodies in space. PV: And the final borders between the different constellations, in answer to your question, was agreed in I think 1930. RRT: One more question which relates to orientation and the stars: Apparently the streets of Melbourne to the north, for instance Brunswick street, are oriented to the north geographic pole. Does this mean they echo the Noon Meridian? I need to know to orient the flowers correctly in the gallery, which also runs north - south. PV: The Meridian is the imaginary line which runs from the south pole, through the zenith directly overhead, and on to the north celestial pole. When the sun crosses that line, its exactly noon. RRT: And exactly midnight at the point directly opposite Melbourne? PV: Correct. RRT: So theres this kind of balance of time and space. PV: Im interested to know how youre going to represent it (the starmap). RRT: I thought Id take the north and south walls as the the south and north horizons opposite Melbourne, with the zenith in the centre. Itll be accurate at 6pm on the 14th October. Then Ill pick out the major constellations to represent. PV: This is probably being a bit pedantic, but are you going to differentiate stars of different magnitude? RRT: Probably, yes, by selecting the larger plants for larger magnitudes, so that the more robust specimens, with more flowers, will correspond to the brighter stars. Notes 1. Electricity consumed at Tolarno Galleries for the duration of Stellar Botanicus is provided by Citipower through the Aurora Project in Brunswick, a 3.5 kW Solar array coupled with a 10 kW wind turbine. 2. Stellar Botanicus is a development of Stargarden, an installation realised at Gallery Torch, Amsterdam, from 26 June - 17 July 1993. On that occassion, Alysum flowers were planted to depict a section of the night sky around the south celestial pole. 3. Materials used in this project: approx. 20 cu. metres soil; stones; and 200 Brachycomb Multifida (Cut Leaf Daisy). 4. Many thanks to: Ian Shimmens and Bushland Flora, Karin Gosbell, Citipower, Ray Prowse, Simp, Ian Clark and Dr Roger Spencer, Kate Kennedy, Ed Hyduke and Perry Vlahos of the Astronomical Society of Victoria. 5. This project has been assisted by the Commonwealth Government through the Australia Council, its arts funding and advisory body. Tolarno Galleries, 121 Victoria st, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. Tel. (61) 03 94192121. Fax. (61) 03 94163785 %_ayz   = H UV<"X""+'3'D+T+L-V-0015556PP*Q> ? @@wBBDOEE;FF=GJKKCMNKNXNXNNNO9PPPPPQQRR,S-STTTTTT.:pm|. 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